She reached her landmark in the last over before tea, scoring a magnificent 210 before falling.
Annabel Sutherland rose to superstardom by becoming only the 10th women's player to score a Test double century.
She achieved this feat at the WACA against a dispirited South Africa. However, she fell for 210 after failing to execute a scoop shot against left-arm spinner Chloe Tryon early in the third session. Sutherland fell just short of Ellyse Perry's Australian record of 213, waving her bat to the WACA faithful.
She had been within reach of the world record Test score of 242 by Pakistan's Kiran Baluch against West Indies in 2004, before settling in fourth place on the all-time list.
After Sutherland hit Nadine de Klerk for a boundary to complete her double century, Australia did not declare at tea. She left the field to a standing ovation from the WACA supporters, including her parents in the stands. The crowd steadily grew in the afternoon, which was cooler compared to the scorching 42-degree temperature on day one.
After breaking a number of records, Sutherland received a hug from Perry, followed by her teammates and coaches. She reached the milestone on her 248th delivery and easily broke the record for the fastest double century, previously held by Karen Rolton off 308 balls.
The 22-year-old Sutherland became the second-youngest batsman to score a double century. She trails only Mithali Raj.
Sutherland began day two on 54 not out. She soon reached her second Test century by counterattacking the second new ball with consecutive fours off debutant quick Masabata Klaas.
Sutherland had a spectacular all-round match, taking 3 for 19 off nine overs to help rout South Africa for their lowest Test score of 76.